BLANK DOCUMENTS IN BANKING COURT

Case Reference

2026 CLD 102
Habib Bank Limited v. Ghazi Steel Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.
Civil Suit No. 04 of 2024
Decided on: 9 September 2025

Court: Balochistan High Court
Judge: Gul Hassan Tareen, J

Appropriate Legal Analysis

1. Suit for Recovery of Finance under the Financial Institutions (Recovery of Finances) Ordinance, 2001

The plaintiff bank instituted a suit for recovery of finance under Sections 3(2), 9 and 10 of the Financial Institutions (Recovery of Finances) Ordinance, 2001, seeking recovery of the principal amount along with cost of funds from the defendants.

2. Borrower’s Plea of Signing Blank Finance Documents

The defendants contested the suit by asserting that they had signed blank documents, which were later filled in by the bank, and therefore the contents of the finance instruments were disputed.

3. Doctrine of Estoppel against Denial of Executed Instruments

The Court held that once an executant admits execution of a financial instrument, the doctrine of estoppel squarely applies. A borrower cannot be permitted to admit execution while simultaneously disputing the contents on the plea that the documents were blank at the time of signing.

4. Application of Article 114 of Qanun-e-Shahadat, 1984

Relying on Article 114 of the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, 1984, the Court observed that the law presumes regularity in official and commercial acts. The defendants failed to rebut this presumption through any credible evidence.

5. Default in Repayment and Accrual of Cost of Funds

It was established that the defendants defaulted in repayment of the principal finance amount. Such default not only attracted cost of funds under Section 3(2) of the Ordinance but also constituted an actionable cause under Section 9 of the Ordinance.

6. Entitlement of Bank to Cost of Funds

The Court held that the plaintiff bank was legally entitled to recover cost of funds from the date of default as pleaded, in accordance with the statutory framework governing financial institutions.

7. Evidentiary Value of Certified Statements of Account

The statements of account annexed with the plaint were duly certified under Section 4 of the Bankers’ Books Evidence Act, 1891. Such certified statements constituted prima facie proof of the financial entries recorded therein.

8. Failure of Defendants to Raise a Triable Issue

The defendants failed to raise any bona fide or triable issue warranting a full-fledged trial. Mere allegations of blank documents, without supporting evidence, were held to be legally insufficient.

9. Rejection of Leave to Defend Application

Given the absence of a valid defence, the application for leave to defend was rejected under the summary procedure applicable to financial recovery suits.

10. Decree in Favour of the Bank

Consequently, the suit was decreed in favour of the plaintiff bank, allowing recovery of the principal amount along with cost of funds, in accordance with law.

Key Legal Principles Established

Admission of execution bars plea of blank documents
Doctrine of estoppel applies to finance instruments
Default attracts cost of funds under banking law
Certified bank statements are prima facie evidence
Mere denial does not create a triable issue
Leave to defend may be refused in absence of bona fide defence

Summary of the Judgment

The Balochistan High Court decreed a recovery suit filed by Habib Bank Limited, holding that a borrower who admits execution of finance documents cannot subsequently deny their contents by alleging that blank papers were signed. Applying the doctrine of estoppel and statutory presumptions under the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, the Court ruled that default in repayment entitled the bank to recover both the principal amount and cost of funds. Certified statements of account were accepted as prima facie evidence under the Bankers’ Books Evidence Act. As the defendants failed to raise any triable issue, their application for leave to defend was rejected and the suit was decreed.

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